Walkthrough the Universe

SPACE.COM Presents:
The History & Structure of the Universe (Infographic) Image Album
by Karl Tate Date: 20 October 2011 Time: 11:01 AM ET

The Illuminated Universe Credit: Illustration: Karl Tate, based on a photo of Galaxy M74 (NASA, ESA, and Hubble Heritage Collaboration) and the engraving "Awakening of the Pilgrim" from "The Atmosphere: Popular Meteorology" by Camille Flammarion, 1888

Our journey toward understanding the nature of our universe began thousands of years ago and had its roots in religion and philosophy. Around 2,300 years ago, careful observers in the Mediterranean deduced that the Earth must be round and must orbit the sun.

With no way for these early theories to be proved correct, however, they could not stand against the more flattering notion that the Earth was at the center of everything and that the cosmos existed to support human life and destiny.

When Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei invented the astronomical telescope some 1,900 years later, it was finally possible to make precise observations about the planets and stars. A science of the structure and history of the entire universe, called "cosmology," emerged. FIRST UP: What We Know Now>>

The Whole Enchilada

Credit: Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute

Our current understanding of the history of the universe is visualized above, with time running from left to right. We think that immediately after its creation at the time of the Big Bang, the universe expanded dramatically – an event called inflation.

Our Earth formed when the universe was around 9.2 billion years old. The expansion of the universe continues today and is accelerating. In this series of infographics, we will first look at the structure of the universe at larger and larger scales and find out a little about how we came to our current understanding of it. In the second part of our sequence, we will begin with the Big Bang and move forward in time to see how the universe has evolved to the present day. NEXT: First Stop, Earth>>

The Earth Is Round

Credit: Earth image: NASA; Eratosthenes portrait: unknown artist

Our first stop is the planet we call home. The knowledge that the Earth is shaped like a ball is actually quite old.

About 2,500 years ago, Greek travelers reported that different constellations were visible in the sky when one went far to the north or south. Keen observers also would have noticed that during an eclipse of the moon, the shadow cast by the Earth has a round edge. A few centuries later, the scholar Eratosthenes estimated the size of the Earth by noting the difference between the lengths of shadows cast by the sun in locations a few hundred miles apart.

By assuming that the sun was so far away that its rays of light were parallel, Eratosthenes could use simple geometry to calculate the circumference of the Earth. It is not known how accurate his measurement was, but it may have been off from the true figure by no more than a few percentage points. NEXT: The Solar System>>

Earth Is a Planet

Credit: Karl Tate, SPACE.com; Johannes Kepler portrait: unknown artist

Now we pull back to see the Earth in the context of the inner solar system. Early ideas about the movements of the sun, Earth and planets were derived from theological, astrological and philosophical notions of how God must have ordered the world.

Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus caused an uproar in the mid-1500s by suggesting the Earth moved around the sun and not, as leaders of Christianity taught, the sun around the Earth. For centuries the planets were thought to move because they were embedded in nested "crystal spheres" that rotated around a central point.

However, it was noted in the 16th century that comets moved in such a way that would crash them through those crystal spheres. Replacing the spheres was the idea of "epicycles," circles superimposed on circles, mathematically influencing each other to result in the observed planetary motions.

Finally, in 1609, German mathematician Johannes Kepler published his theories of planetary motion, which established that bodies in our solar system move in orbits shaped like ovals rather than circles. NEXT: Planets Are Other Worlds>>

The Planets Are Worlds

Credit: Karl Tate, SPACE.com; Galileo Galilei: portrait by Ottavio Leoni

From the earliest eras of human pre-history, the entire universe was thought to encompass only the elements visible to the naked eye: Earth, its moon and sun, five points of light that moved and were called "planets," plus a distant sphere upon which the stars and the glowing band of the Milky Way were embedded.

Theories of astrology and, later, astronomy were devised to explain the movements of these celestial objects, but their true nature could only be guessed at. When in 1609 the Italian astronomer Galileo finally trained a crude telescope on the heavens, he discovered that the planets were other worlds. Several of these worlds were found to have moons of their own.

With the aid of the telescope, previously unknown planets were discovered in our solar system: Uranus in 1781 and Neptune in 1846. With the telescope it became possible to study smaller bodies such as comets and asteroids, and also the stars and nebulas on the distant celestial sphere. NEXT: A Sea of Stars>>

The Stars Are Suns

Credit: Diagram of local stars: Karl Tate, based on public domain data plot; Friedrich Bessel portrait: Christian Albrecht Jensen

In the 17th century, the invention of the telescope by Galileo and the discovery of the laws of motion by Kepler prompted the realization that stars were just like the sun, all obeying the same laws of physics. In the 19th century, spectroscopy — the study of the wavelengths of light that are emitted by objects — made it possible to investigate the gases that stars are made of.

Scientists also figured out in the 19th century how to measure the distances to stars. When an object is viewed from different vantage points, the object appears to shift relative to the more distant background. The shift is called "parallax." As the Earth orbits the sun, it provides a changing vantage point for observing the stars. Since the stars are so much more distant than objects in our own solar system, the parallax shift is very small and hard to measure.

The German mathematician and astronomer Friedrich Bessel was the first to successfully measure the parallax of the star 61 Cygni and estimated its distance from Earth to be 10.4 light-years. (Later estimates adjusted this distance to 11.4 light-years.) NEXT: The Galaxy and Dark Matter>>

A Galaxy Held Together by Dark Matter

Credit: Milky Way Galaxy map: Robert Hurt; Fritz Zwicky photo via University of Virginia Dept. of Astronomy

The layout of our galaxy is difficult to figure out from our vantage point, which is embedded in it. By studying the shapes of distant galaxies and carefully measuring the objects that we see in our own galaxy, we have inferred that ours is a barred-spiral galaxy.

A central bar-shaped core composed of stars (and harboring an extremely large black hole) is surrounded by spiraling arms, also formed of stars as well as gas and dust. We are located in a spur, or branch, that stretches between major spiral arms. The exact configuration of spiral arms is still debated by astronomers, but a recent survey found that our Milky Way galaxy has two major arms, which branch out into four arms toward the outside.

The spiral arms of our galaxy are thought to be a kind of density wave that travels around the flat disk. Material bunches up, and stars are formed along the arms. Everything in the galaxy orbits around its center, and the arms are not solid structures. Our solar system travels into and out of the spiral arms as it orbits.

While studying the rotation of galaxies, it was noted that they do not rotate as we would expect them to based on the gravitational pull of the matter we can see. Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky suggested in 1934 that there must be a large amount of invisible, or "dark," matter present, making spiral galaxies more massive than they appear.

Since that time astrophysicists have searched for this dark matter, often speculating that it might consist of exotic particles unlike anything we know on Earth. Current estimates show that our universe is mostly composed of unknown forms of dark matter and dark energy, with familiar atoms being only a tiny fraction of the total. NEXT: Galaxies Filled With Stars>>

Galaxies Are Made of Stars

Credit: Milky Way Galaxy map: Robert Hurt; Edwin Hubble photo via NASA

The Milky Way, a faint ribbon of light that spans the sky, has been known throughout history. Its true nature was not discovered until the 17th century, when Galileo Galilei studied the Milky Way with a telescope and determined that the ribbon was composed of a multitude of stars. Small fuzzy patches of light can be seen in the sky; these were called nebulae.

By the 18th century it was speculated that the Milky Way was a huge system of stars bound together by gravity, but the nature of the nebulae remained unknown. They could have been small clouds of gas within the Milky Way, or perhaps they were external to our galaxy. It could not be proved whether or not the Milky Way constituted the entire universe.

Using the newly constructed 100-inch telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory in California, American astronomer Edwin Hubble studied stars called Cepheids, which brighten and dim in a pattern related to their intrinsic brightness, making them suitable for use as a yardstick in estimating cosmic distances. In a 1925 paper, Hubble concluded that some of the nebulae were external to the Milky Way, and were giant galaxies in their own right, revealing a universe much larger than our own home galaxy. NEXT: Universe Gets Organized>>

Massive Organization

Credit: Diagram: Karl Tate based on NASA illustration; Brent Tully photo via Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

It was first noticed in the latter half of the 19th century that there is a large group of nebulas in the constellation Virgo. Later it was discovered that these nebulae are separate galaxies external to our Milky Way.

One hundred years later, astronomers speculated that the apparent alignment of these galaxies might indicate a higher level of cosmic structure, variously dubbed a "metagalaxy" or "supercluster." In 1982 astronomer R. Brent Tully published an analysis of the distances to the supercluster member galaxies, showing that they were indeed part of a larger organization.

The distances were determined by noting the redshift of the spectra of light from the galaxies. (See "Time Zero: The Big Bang" later in this gallery for a fuller explanation of redshift.) NEXT: Largest Structures in Space>>

The Largest Structures in Space

Credit: Credit: 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, Anglo-Australian Observatory; Margaret Geller photo via Harvard University Dept. of Astronomy

The largest structures that we know of are the galactic filaments – also called supercluster complexes – that surround vast voids in space. The galaxies in a filament are bound together by gravity.

When the first of these structures was discovered by Margaret Geller and John Huchra in 1989, it was dubbed "the Great Wall." A much larger structure, the "Sloan Great Wall," was discovered in 2003 by J. Richard Gott III and Mario Jurić.

Current research into the large-scale structure of the universe utilizes data gathered by redshift surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. These efforts use digital camera sensors to photograph regions of the sky, capturing millions of distant objects along with the data needed to map them in 3-D space. NEXT: The Farthest We Can See>>

The Farthest We Can See

Credit: Simulation of observable universe: Karl Tate, SPACE.com; Alan Guth photo via Brookhaven National Laboratory

The observable universe is everything that we can detect. It is a sphere 93 billion light-years in diameter, centered on Earth. We cannot perceive the entire universe at once, due to the slowness of the speed of light compared with the vast scale of the universe.

As we look out into space, we see objects as they were at earlier and earlier times in history. Also, because of the accelerating expansion of the universe, distant objects are much farther away than their age would have us think. For example, the edge of the observable universe is estimated to be about 46 billion light-years away, even though the universe itself is only 13.7 billion years old.

The true extent of the universe is unknown. It could be much bigger than the observable universe – perhaps even infinite in size. However, light from the most-distant regions would never be able to reach us; the space it must pass through is simply expanding too fast.

Our current picture of the observable universe owes a lot to American physicist Alan Guth, who in the 1980s worked out how a universe resembling our own might have emerged from the Big Bang event which created it. Next, we will reset the clock to time zero and see how the universe evolved from its beginning to today. NEXT: The Big Bang>>

The Big Bang: 13,750,000,000 years ago

Credit: Karl Tate, SPACE.com

In the early 20th century, Belgian astronomer and Catholic priest Georges Lemaitre calculated that the universe is expanding. By mathematically running the expansion backward, he theorized that everything in the universe once must have been compacted into a small, dense object, which he called "the primeval atom."

This atom exploded, an event that astronomer Fred Hoyle flippantly called "The Big Bang." The expansion of the universe explains why the light from distant objects is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum, a phenomenon called "redshift."

Just as the Doppler effect causes sound from moving vehicles to change pitch, redshift causes light from moving stars to change color as its wavelength gets stretched by expanding space. The farther an object is from Earth, the more the intervening space has expanded, and the more the object's light will have been shifted toward red.

American astronomer Edwin Hubble later proved with observations that redshift was indeed related to distance, and the correlation is now known as Hubble's law. NEXT: Universe's First Second>>

Earliest Fraction of a Second

Credit: Map of Cosmic Microwave Background temperature fluctuations from Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data; Alan Guth photo via Brookhaven National Laboratory

Astronomers in the 1970s had a problem understanding the early universe. When they probed deep space with radio telescopes, they discovered a faint background glow of microwave radiation.

Variations in the density of the microwave signal were interpreted as variations in the density of matter in the early universe. Surprisingly, the background glow of radiation was found to be uniform in every direction. This seemed unreasonable; scientists expected to find regions of space with different densities and temperatures, because these regions seemed too far apart to have evolved together.

American physicist Alan Guth proposed an explanation in 1980. He theorized that in the tiny fraction of time just following the Big Bang, the universe underwent extremely rapid expansion. In a flash, its volume increased by a factor of 10^78 (the number 10 followed by 78 zeroes). Almost immediately the universe cooled slightly and the event, called "inflation," was over.

The inflationary model explains why the universe appears uniform in all directions: Everything in it evolved together before inflation. It has other staggering implications, too: The part of space that we can see must be just a tiny patch in what must be a vast universe that we can never directly detect. NEXT: The First Three Minutes>>

0.001 Second to 3 Minutes After the Big Bang

Credit: Graphic: Karl Tate based on image of data plot from collision of gold ions, Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Following inflation, the cooling but still unimaginably hot universe experienced a phase transition. Elementary particles were created from a form of matter called quark-gluon plasma.

A thousandth of a second following the Big Bang, vast amounts of matter and antimatter annihilated each other (leaving behind the material that exists in the universe today). Within three minutes the temperature of the universe dropped to about a billion degrees, and atoms could begin to form, starting with the simplest elements: hydrogen and helium.

The quark-gluon plasma of the early universe is still theoretical and is thought to be possible because of a theory called Quantum Chromodynamics. American physicist Murray Gell-Mann was among the first to formulate this theory.

The basic nuclear particles – protons and neutrons – are thought to be made from still more-fundamental particles called "quarks," which are never found traveling alone except under very high temperatures like those that existed just after the Big Bang. Physicists are trying to re-create on Earth the plasma that is thought to have comprised the early universe; they are using particle accelerators to smash subatomic particles together at high energy. NEXT: 3 Minutes to 379,000 Years>>

3 Minutes to 379,000 Years After the Big Bang

Credit: NASA, ESADuring this period, the early universe was hot and opaque.

Starting at about 379,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe cooled enough so that light could separate from matter and travel freely. In short, the universe became transparent. This photo shows galaxy UDFy-38135539, one of the oldest and earliest galaxies yet found, appearing just after the Dark Age at about 480 million years after the Big Bang. NEXT: The First Billion Years>>

150 Million to 1 Billion Years After the Big Bang

Credit: Artist's conception of a quasar: NASA/ESA; Maarten Schmidt photo: California Institute of Technology

In the 1960s Dutch astronomer Maarten Schmidt identified strange deep-space objects, very bright in radio wavelengths, which he termed "quasi-stellar radio sources."

U.S. astrophysicist Hong-Yee Chiu named the phenomena "quasars." Quasars had been picked up in the 1950s by large Earth-bound antennas called radio telescopes. When Schmidt measured the quasars' distance by studying the redshift of their spectrum, what he found was astonishing. The objects were billions of light-years away, and therefore had to be incredibly bright to be detected on Earth.

Later study showed that the mysterious quasars were active galaxies that had formed very early in the history of the universe. Gravitational collapse had caused matter to coalesce, eventually forming giant black holes with the mass of billions of suns.

A black hole sits at the center of a quasar, collecting matter and heating it to become high-temperature plasma that can be shot out into huge jets traveling close to the speed of light.that light could separate from matter and travel freely. In short, the universe became transparent.

This photo shows galaxy UDFy-38135539, one of the oldest and earliest galaxies yet found, appearing just after the Dark Age at about 480 million years after the Big Bang. NEXT: The Universe, Age 9 Billion Years>>

9 Billion Years After the Big Bang

Credit: Artist's conception of a young solar system: NASA/JPL-California Institute of Technology; Albert Einstein photo via United States Library of Congress

The earliest stars formed when the universe was only 300 million years old. They were short-lived and supermassive, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium and containing no metals.

These first stars exploded into supernovas, and successive generations were created from the remains of the earlier suns. Analysis of the spectrum of the light from our sun shows that it is rich in metals, and therefore could have been created only following many generations of stars.

The sun's power source was a mystery until German physicist Albert Einstein worked out in 1905 that matter could be converted into energy, with his famous equation E=mc^2. In 1920 British astrophysicist Sir Arthur Eddington suggested that the sun might be powered by a nuclear fusion reactor, generating heat and light energy by converting hydrogen into helium.

Study of the spectrum of light from the sun and other stars led to a confirmation that nuclear fusion processes created the atomic elements from which our world is composed. NEXT: The Modern Universe>>

The Universe Now

Credit: NASA

Scientists have put together an impressive picture of the origin, history and nature of our universe. However, we do not know everything there is to know. Many open questions remain in the fields of physics and cosmology.

For example:

What is dark matter, and does it actually exist?

Why does the universe's expansion seem to be accelerating?

What is the actual shape and size of the universe, and how many dimensions does it have?

What is the ultimate fate of the universe?

SOURCES: NASA, Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute, "Space, Our Final Frontier" by John Gribbin (2001), "The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn" by Lucio Russo (2004), "The Inflationary Universe" by Alan H. Guth (1997)

Ignominious end to Gaddafi

image: The Sun

Ignominious end for dictator Gaddafi as he is buried with his son Mutassim in unmarked desert grave at dawn
By DAILY MAIL REPORTER
Last updated at 5:55 PM on 25th October 2011

Muammar Gaddafi, who for 40 years ruled Libya with fear and violence, was unceremoniously buried at dawn today in an unmarked desert grave.

His inglorious end was witnessed by only two members of Libya's National Transitional Council, who were sworn never to reveal his secret resting place.

As the despot was buried with his son, Mutassim, reports claimed that his favourite son, Saif, was making a desperate bid for the Niger border.

Final Muslim prayers were said over the bodies by Khaled Tantoush, Gaddafi's personal cleric, who was arrested with him.

The rites were also attended by two of Gaddafi's cousins, Mansour Dhao Ibrahim, once leader of the feared People's Guard, and Ahmed Ibrahim.

All were captured with Gaddafi after their convoy was attacked by Nato war planes as they tried to flee Sirte, Gaddafi's home town, just after it had fallen.

Abdel Majid Mlegta, an NTC spokesman, said: 'The NTC officials were handed the body after the sheikh completed the early morning ceremony and are taking him somewhere very far away into the desert.'

'Only two trusted people were assigned to this secret mission,' he added. 'These are not guards, but very trusted NTC people.'

The funeral closed the book on Gaddafi's 42-year rule and the eight-month civil war to remove him, but did not silence international calls for an investigation into his brutal end...

(Click here to read the full article)

Boeing`s 787 DREAMLINER

The much anticipated 787 Dreamliner is here and the first maiden passenger voyage is slated for tomorrow (Wed., Oct., 26, 2011) by Japan`s All Nippon Airways, carrying 250 passengers from Tokyo to Hong Kong.

Considered the most advanced sophisticated piece of avionics to fly the open skies from Boeing, it was built with a "visionary design" to rival competitors in the aviation industry.

7 reasons the 787 Dreamliner is special

By Pamela Boykoff, CNN
11:59 AM EST, Tue October 25, 2011

The first All Nippon Airways (ANA) Boeing 787 Dreamliner is displayed during a press preview at Tokyo's Haneda airport on September 28.

(image CNN)
Hong Kong (CNN) -- Boeing's 787 Dreamliner makes its first passenger flight Wednesday, carrying about 250 passengers from Tokyo to Hong Kong on Japan's All Nippon Airways. Boeing has spent years and billions of dollars developing a plane with what it calls "visionary design." As the first customers prepare to fly on the Dreamliner, CNN looks at what sets the 787 apart from the planes before it.

1. It's Plastic (sort of)
The Dreamliner is made of 50% composite materials, carbon-fiber enforced polymers that are both lighter and more durable than traditional aluminum. Composite materials have been used before in passenger planes but never to this extent. They comprise both the wings and the fuselage of the 787. Most of the features listed below could not have been built in an airplane made mostly of traditional aluminum.

2. The Air Inside
The cabin pressure on the 787 is higher and the humidity higher than other airplanes. Basically, passengers on board will feel like they are at an altitude of 6,000 feet, 2,000 feet lower than a standard flight. The changes will cut down on passenger fatigue, dry eyes and headaches, Boeing said. They are made possible by the new material, which is less prone to corrosion and structural fatigue than traditional aluminum.

3. More Space
Boeing's Chief Pilot Randy Neville said he believed this is the first feature passengers will notice about the new plane. You are "not being squeezed into a tube," he said. "You'll have a wide open area." There is also more room for overhead luggage.

4. Fuel Efficiency
The 787 is 20% more fuel efficient than similarly-sized aircraft, a change which allows airlines to save money and deploy the plane on longer routes, Boeing said. "On an aircraft of that size, even a slight reduction in fuel burn makes a big difference to overall cost," said Paul Sheridan, Head of Risk Advisory at Ascend. Another plus, according to aviation experts, the longer range will allow carriers to introduce more point-to-point routes, so passengers will have more options and fewer layovers.

5. Intuitive Cockpit
Neville feels Boeing has worked hard to make operating the 787 as natural as possible for pilots. "The flight deck is laid out so it is very intuitive to operate all the controls," he said. One example: The Head-Up Display (HUD) used by pilots is displayed on glass, so they can see the data without having to lose sight of what's going on outside.

6. Bigger Windows
Clearly a case where bigger is bigger, the Dreamliner has windows that are 19 inches tall and 30% bigger than the on similarly-sized aircraft. Say goodbye to those plastic shades as well. The Dreamliner is the first commercial plane to have electronic dimmers at each seat. The flight attendants can also darken or lighten all the shades automatically, so never again will a small child wake up half the plane by deciding to let in a little sunlight.

7. Uniformity
Don't expect much difference from one Dreamliner to the next, Sheridan said. Boeing purposely limited the extent that carriers could customize the new plane in order to appeal to banks and leasing companies that are behind many purchases. If all the planes are similar, it's easier to hire them out to airlines or resell if needed.

Speared Mastodon Bone Reveals Earlier Human Development

(Images and diagrams are courtesy of NationalGeograpgic & Science/AAAS)

Scientists used DNA and radiocarbon dating to demonstrate that the point came from a mastodon bone shaped into a weapon by humans and used a startling 13,800 years ago. That's nearly 1000 years before the Clovis culture, long considered to be the first culture in the New World. - Pre-Clovis Mastodon Hunters Make a Point, Science 21 October 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6054 p. 302.

Speared Mastodon Bone Hints at Earlier Americans

National Geographic
by: Brian Handwerk, October 21, 2011

A newly analyzed mastodon rib bone shows that Native Americans were using bone-pointed weapons to take down big game nearly a thousand years earlier than thought, according to a new study.

Images of the rib in close-up (A) and as a whole (D) show a broken projectile point still stuck where a hunter drove it in 13,800 years ago. The weapon, also made of bone, can be seen in a digital reconstruction (B) and an x-ray image (C).

The rib was found near Manis, Washington State, in the late 1970s and has been an object of debate ever since. Radiocarbon analysis, DNA samples, genetics work, and other modern techniques recently revealed its true age, according to the study, published Friday in the journal Science.

The age of the rib could help rewrite human history in the Americas, where the first well-established culture has been thought to be the Clovis people, named for finds near Clovis, New Mexico.

"We're starting to put together kill sites, camp sites—the whole gamut of the kinds of sites you'd expect to find that show pre-Clovis people were" in North America, said study leader Michael Waters, director of Texas A&M University's Center for the Study of the First Americans.

"If you take these sites together, and also look at the modern genetic evidence we have, it starts pointing toward a story that suggests people entered what's now the Lower 48 United States around 15,000 years ago—well before Clovis."

Moammar Gaddhafi: LONG LIVE THE KING

(video courtesy of Inominex)

The Vatican Calls For a 'Central World Bank"

image: PrisonPlanet

Now the Vatican of all people, are calling for a global bank to manage the world`s currency...the same Vatican who they themselves are a global bank with huge reserves and assets that are unimaginable. There is more to the Vatican than meets the eye...and is playing directly into the hands of the globalist bankers and their cronies.

Vatican calls for global authority on economy, raps “idolatry of the market”

By Philip Pullella, Reuters
Mon Oct 24, 2011 9:08am EDT

The Vatican called on Monday for the establishment of a “global public authority” and a “central world bank” to rule over financial institutions that have become outdated and often ineffective in dealing fairly with crises. The document from the Vatican’s Justice and Peace department should please the “Occupy Wall Street” demonstrators and similar movements around the world who have protested against the economic downturn.

“Towards Reforming the International Financial and Monetary Systems in the Context of a Global Public Authority,” was at times very specific, calling, for example, for taxation measures on financial transactions. “The economic and financial crisis which the world is going through calls everyone, individuals and peoples, to examine in depth the principles and the cultural and moral values at the basis of social coexistence,” it said.

It condemned what it called “the idolatry of the market” as well as a “neo-liberal thinking” that it said looked exclusively at technical solutions to economic problems. “In fact, the crisis has revealed behaviours like selfishness, collective greed and hoarding of goods on a great scale,” it said, adding that world economics needed an “ethic of solidarity” among rich and poor nations.

“If no solutions are found to the various forms of injustice, the negative effects that will follow on the social, political and economic level will be destined to create a climate of growing hostility and even violence, and ultimately undermine the very foundations of democratic institutions, even the ones considered most solid,” it said.

It called for the establishment of “a supranational authority” with worldwide scope and “universal jurisdiction” to guide economic policies and decisions.

Asked at a news conference if the document could become a manifesto for the movement of the “indignant ones”, who have criticised global economic policies, Cardinal Peter Turkson, head of the Vatican’s Justice and Peace department, said: “The people on Wall Street need to sit down and go through a process of discernment and see whether their role managing the finances of the world is actually serving the interests of humanity and the common good. “We are calling for all these bodies and organisations to sit down and do a little bit of re-thinking.”

Read the full story here.

RIP Col. Moammar Gaddafi

LONG LIVE THE GREEN JAMAHIRRIYAH, FOR TRUTH & JUSTICE TO PREVAIL AND DOWN WITH THE RATS AND TRAITORS

I don`t want to die, but if it needs to be, in order to keep this land, my people, all thousands, who are all my children then so be it...and I will fight till my last breath to keep our freedom."

- Col. Moammar Gaddafi, April 5, 2011

Who shot Gaddafi? New video shows blood pouring from dictator immediately before death but mystery surrounds coup de grace

Gaddafi's widow demands inquiry into death as new video emerges of moment dictator was dragged from hiding place

Eldest son Saif critically injured but 'fleeing across the desert' towards Niger

Gadhafi's autopsy reveals he was shot in head

Libya's most gruesome tourist attraction: Our man comes face-to-face with Gaddafi's battered and bloodied corpse

The Great Queen Nefertari (QV66)

From the burial tomb of Queen Nefertari, an ode dedicated to his love by Ramesses II

Ramesses II, who said of Nefertari - "the one for whom the sun shines," wrote:

My love is unique, no one can rival her for she is the most beautiful woman alive.

Just by passing, she has stolen my heart away.

Slender necked & breasted she is,

Her hair, the color of pure lapis.

Gold is nothing compared to her arms, but her fingers are like lotus flowers.

Her buttocks are full but her waist is narrow...

For she is the one for whom the sun shines...

...Alas... the eyes, the gateway to the splendid soul...

Image (CorbisImages): Queen Nefertari, the beloved wife of Ramses II, is depicted wearing a golden vulture's-wing headress and worshipping a group of sacred cattle in a wall painting in her tomb in the Valley of the Queens at Thebes, Egypt. The goddess Neith is depicted to the right of Nefertari. | Detail of: Mural Painting of Queen Nefertari in her Tomb in the Valley of the Queens.

Nefertari`s tomb (QV66, Valley of the Queens): (Egyptians.blogspot)

Video of Ramses II`s Great Royal wife Nefertari's tomb Qv66 in the Valley of Queens:

video courtesy of & uploaded by atharona`s channel (11/10/2010)

Video of Nefertari's Temple of Hathor:

video courtesy of & uploaded by atharona`s channel (11/10/2010)

So why are we in Uganda now?

“The US is...concerned about Chinese penetration in the region that they are going to gobble all the economical resources and earn influence on the regional governments. So the US maybe want to stop this Chinese advancement in central Africa...”(Eric Margolis, RT)


UGANDA: Soldier during a training course in the western Ugandan Army base of Bihanga. (AFP Photo/Marc Hofer) 

Strings attached: US in Uganda
RT News
Published: 19 October, 2011
Eric Margolis

The US denies an interest in Uganda’s oil, but there are many other reasons for its presence in the region. None of them altruistic, claims war correspondent Eric Margolis.

American “aid” to Uganda is being offered without any third-party help, which is a sure sign that the effort is for its own sake, rather than humanitarian reasons.
The White House is deploying a hundred troops in the African country with the official aim of helping the authorities in a fight against a guerilla group that has been dragging on for two decades.

But award-winning war correspondent Eric Margolis told RT that if Washington had humanitarian interests in mind it would not be going in alone.

Various interests of the US are to be found in Central Africa, states Margolis.
Firstly, it is the growing conflict in Somalia, with which the US is a close ally, the correspondent suggested. It may be also Kenya, another beneficiary of US military financing.

Ethiopia is an ally as well. The American presence in Africa also includes its base in the tiny East African nation of Djibouti, but most troops there are not on combat missions.

But an internal African problem may not be the sole attraction for the newly expanded US contingent in the region. It may be also linked to some kind of geopolitical game, Margolis continued.

“The US is also concerned about Chinese penetration in the region that they are going to gobble all the economical resources and earn influence on the regional governments. So the US maybe want to stop this Chinese advancement in central Africa,” he said.

Also the US defense secretary has claimed he is worried about the links between Uganda’s Lord Resistance Army and Al-Qaeda.
LRA is a guerrilla group accused of widespread atrocities across several countries, which began its attacks in Uganda more than 20 years ago. In 2003, the LRA had 3,000 armed troops and 2,000 people in support roles.

Many also think this is not the right time to get involved in a new foreign military expedition of a really marginal interest, because of the deep financial troubles in which the US now finds itself.

However, the fact that economic turmoil does not stop the Pentagon from a new operation can only mean it is highly interested in this new game.

One way or another, the US is going to aid the African country all alone, while it could be much more legitimate for them to find a third-party, uninterested ally, the correspondent suggested.

“It could be more legitimate, if the US did it in conjunction with disinterested nations – Russia, for example, or South Africa and Turkey. But the fact that they’re doing it on their own means they are doing it for the interests of their own policy,” Margolis said.

The first American troops already arrived in Uganda last week and will soon deploy elsewhere throughout the region once other nations in the area approve the action. Meanwhile, US military operations continue in Central Asia, the Middle East and elsewhere.

In June, the Pentagon moved to send nearly $45 million in military equipment to Uganda and Burundi, another country contributing in Somalia. The aid included four small drones, body armor and night-vision and communications gear, and is being used in the fight against al-Shabab.

Excavating in the Valley of the Kings (update)

Excavating in the Valley of the Kings: The Missing Amarna Royalty, and just where are they? - Ancient World Tours (AWT) Conference 2011

Speaker: Stephen Cross
By Kate Phizackerley. Published on Egyptological, Magazine Edition 2, September 9th 2011.

Introduction

As described in the overview of the 2011 AWT Conference which I co-authored with Andrea Byrnes (see bottom of this review), the closing keynote lecture was delivered by Stephen Cross. His lecture created a buzz in the room and that has continued since Andrea Byrnes and I first posted about it on our respective blogs. We have both received a lot of correspondence: some people want to know more; some are nakedly sceptical. In this account of his lecture, I shall present the theory as described by Cross: this is intended as reportage not as as detailed critique, although obviously a certain level of commentary is included.

Cross has been interested for many years in the question of why the tomb of Tutankhamun, KV62, had remained undiscovered for centuries in the Valley of the Kings near modern-day Luxor until the discovery of the tomb by Howard Carter in 1922. That led him to ask why the tombs of KV55 and KV63 were also sealed until modern times. He thought that concealment by a natural phenomenon may offer an explanation. His first theory was that the tombs had been buried by faulting, but investigations revealed that the faults in the Valley of the Kings are not geologically active. His second theory was that the tombs had been buried by silt carried by flash floods and deposited in the central area at the confluence of three streams. He published an article on the topic in the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (Cross, Stephen W. (1993). “The Hydrology of the Valley of the Kings”. JEA 94: 303–310). In this lecture he was able to provide updates about excavation and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) work that has since taken place.

Cross believes there is a capacity for another unknown tomb, or tombs, in the central area of the Valley of the Kings with an entrance cut immediately below, and sealed by, this flood deposit at an elevation of about 170m above mean sea level. At the end of the 2008/9 season, Dr Hawass arranged for the Glen Dash Foundation for Archaeological Research to conduct a radar survey of the central area and Cross reported to conference that this revealed...

(Click here to read full article)

Related articles:
AWT Conference 2011 (Amarna) – Overview

(good synopsis of Amarna period history and topics discussed in AWT conference)

AWT Conference 2011 Review: House and Home at el-Amarna by Kate Spence

(Dr Kate Spence of the University of Cambridge introduced the audience to an area of the city of Amarna which formed an equivalent of modern urban suburbs. Challenging the view that this residential area had been built to a formula set down by the Pharaoh and his advisers, she set out to show how this part of the site had evolved and developed, with interesting variations on a basic concept of how space should be organized.)

Beware of fluoridated water

Hundreds of brave dentists speak out against water fluoridation
NaturalNews.com
Wednesday, October 12, 2011 by: Ethan A. Huff, staff writer

(NaturalNews) It takes a special kind of humility for a medical professional to admit that something he or she was taught in medical school, and has long since clung to as fact, is actually false. But a growing number of dentists from around the world, many of whom formerly supported water fluoridation, are now boldly speaking out against it as a long-held, unsubstantiated medical dogma purported to prevent tooth decay, but that actually damages health and provides no legitimate oral health benefits.

Recently, there has been intense pressure in many communities to remove fluoride chemicals from water supplies. Particularly in the US where fluoridation is quite common, many local residents have been sending information about fluoride's dangers to their city council members, and even attending and speaking at meetings.

But what is often missing from reports about anti-fluoridation efforts is the fact that many medical professionals, including dentists, are also in agreement that fluoride ingestion is dangerous. In other words, these are not just concerned citizens without medical degrees that are raising an issue, but they are people that have been extensively educated in oral health.

"When I graduated from University, we weren't given any information about where [fluoride] came from," says Dentist Caree Alexander, a former Navy practitioner who also had a private dental practice for 20 years, in the documentary FIRE WATER: Australia's Industrial Fluoridation Disgrace. "We all assumed it was [pharmaceutical-grade] calcium fluoride."

You can watch the official full-length documentary for free at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfiC...

Other prominent dentists that have spoken out against fluoride include Dr. Thomas Connelly from New York City; Dr. Andrew Harms, former president of the Australian Dental Association; Dentist Hardy Limeback, PhD, from the University of Toronto's Department of Preventive Dentistry; Dentist Bill Osmunson from the Fluoride Action Network (FAN); and Dentist David Kennedy from the International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology (IAOMT), just to name a few.

"My [published] work showed that fluoride accumulates in the human pineal gland and lowers melatonin production in animals," says Dentist Jennifer Luke, PhD. "I find it extraordinary that no government promoting fluoridation has chosen to pursue these worrying findings."

Beyond simply ignoring the science surrounding fluoride's dangers, the US government and its media pawns routinely take the offensive against those opposed to water fluoridation, slandering them as paranoid conspiracy theorists. But there is no denying that thousands of medical professionals, including dentists, are adamantly against it as well.

More than 3,790 professionals, 324 of which are dentists, have already signed FAN's Call for an End to Water Fluoridation, which you can view here:
http://www.fluoridealert.org/profes...

You can also learn more about the dangers of fluoride by visiting:
http://www.fluoridealert.org

Sources for this article include:

http://www.prnewswire.com/news-rele...

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/033845_dentists_water_fluoridation.html#ixzz1agTCvcYW

Banking - Perhaps the Greatest Scam on Earth

Uploaded by BoKnowsEntertainment on Sep 11, 2011 (video courtesy & property of Bo)

The Greatest Scam on Earth - The Money Scam! The Money Scam is hidden right out in the open, yet buried in complication and confusion. A retired banker describes simply, the world's Money Scam and the reason every country is now going bankrupt. Private bankers have stolen the money creation process, and whereas once our money was created by the governments, debt-free, it is now created out of thin air and issued as debt with interest charges. In today's banker controlled world, money = debt, debt = slavery and therefore money = slavery --- our monetary systems have become systems of enslavement. Money is created out of nothing, issued as debt, not enough money is created for the future interest payments and inflation steals our savings. The money creation process should be taken away from the banks and given to the governments who can create money debt-free, interest-free. This is how it used to be done and we needed no income taxes. Finally, it is explained what we should do to stop supporting the money scam.

Iran...were they really involved?

There`s something strange and fishy with the recent story of Iran being involved in a hit on the Saudi Ambassador on U.S. soil, many analysts and skeptics now agree, it could be an inside plot as a pretext for war against Iran

Some analysts skeptical of alleged Iranian plot
By Reza Sayah, CNN
9:55 AM EST, Thu October 13, 2011

Washington (CNN) -- Did an elite branch of Iran's military handpick a divorced, 56-year-old Iranian-American used-car salesman from Texas to hire a hitman from a Mexican drug cartel to assassinate the ambassador to Saudi Arabia by blowing up a bomb in a crowded restaurant in Washington?

U.S. officials say they are certain the bizarre plot against Ambassador Adel Jubeir was real.
But some analysts say they are not. They find it unlikely that the Iranian government, or legitimate factions within, would be involved in such a tangled plot.
Iran slams plot allegations

They cite five reasons why:

1. The alleged plot doesn't fit Iran's style

In the 32-year history of the Islamic Republic of Iran, its Quds Force -- the branch implicated in the alleged plot -- has never been publicly linked to an assassination plot or an attack on U.S. soil. In cases where Quds Force members have been accused of plotting attacks, they had gone to great lengths to cover their tracks and hire proxy groups of the highest caliber, like the Lebanese Hezbollah.

Hiring an Iranian-American used-car salesman who, according to investigators, openly talked about his connections to the Iranian military and brazenly made a $100,000 wire transfer doesn't fit the Quds Force's modus operandi, analysts say.

"It would be completely uncharacteristic for Iran to be caught red-handed," former CIA operative Bob Baer told CNN.

"There are very few groups operationally better than Iran's Quds Force. They know what they are doing, The only proxies they use are ones they've vetted. They don't let their own citizens get involved."

2. Iran would lose more than it would gain

An assassination plot on U.S. soil would be costly for Iran, analysts say, inviting further sanctions and isolation by the international community, and perhaps military action as well.

"What we've seen unfold makes no sense in terms of Iran's national security strategy," says Hillary Mann Leverett, who was an adviser on Iran in former President George W. Bush's administration.
"There's no benefit; there's no payoff in them pursuing this kind of hit against Adel Jubeir. And it runs contrary to their entire national security strategy."

3. Iran has much easier targets to go after

Iran has potential U.S. and Saudi targets in its own backyard. In fact, Iran's Quds Force is frequently accused of waging proxy wars against U.S. troops in neighboring Iraq and Afghanistan and against Saudi interests in places like Bahrain.

The notion that Iran's potential targets in its own backyard were not enough, and that its Quds Force was therefore compelled to carry out a plot on U.S. soil seems far-fetched, analysts say.

4. Iran is gaining in stature and isn't desperate for drastic measures

Analysts say Iran has emerged as an undeniable power broker in the Middle East due in large part to the U.S.-led elimination of two of its key enemies in the last decade -- Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq and the Afghan Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

Tehran's political and economic sway in the region is greater than ever and it has solidified its role as a critical actor involving nearly all the major issues in the region, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the futures of Iraq and Afghanistan, the price of oil and nuclear energy.

Analysts say a seemingly drastic measure like an assassination plot on U.S. soil might perhaps make sense for a country desperate for attention, but not for Iran.

"This would be such a significant departure for the Iranian government to be involved in a plot like this, it really warrants our toughest questions and scrutiny," says Leverett.

5. The alleged plot is full of holes

There seem to be too many unanswered questions at this point to conclude that this plot was conceived by the Iranian government or the leaders of the Quds Force.
Consider the following statements by U.S. officials: When asked if the "upper reaches" of the Iranian government knew about the alleged plot, Attorney General Eric Holder said, "We are not making that charge at this point."

A senior law enforcement official told CNN, "Holder was not alleging that the highest levels officials in Iran were involved."

Another senior U.S. official told CNN, "Given how compartmentalized the Iranians are, it is unclear how wide knowledge of and approval (of the alleged plot) was within the Iranian government."

Additional related info:

Pepe Escobar: Iranian plot was an inside job

Feds Foil Own Saudi Assassination Plot: Pin it on Iran
U.S. Challenged to Explain Accusations of Iran Plot in the Face of Skepticism
Iranian Terror “Mastermind” Described as Drunk, Pothead, Hooker Frequenting “Joke”

HOPE

"Of all the forces that make for a better world,

none is so powerful as hope.

With hope, one can think, one can work, one can dream.

If you have hope, you have everything."

Pike's Amazing Predictions Of Three World Wars

Posted by Cosmin Florin, Sat., Oct., 08 2011 on Masoneria group page

Albert Pike was born on December 29, 1809, in Boston, and was the oldest of six children born to Benjamin and Sarah Andrews Pike. He studied at Harvard, and later served as a Brigadier-General in the Confederate Army. After the Civil War, Pike was found guilty of treason and jailed, only to be pardoned by fellow Freemason President Andrew Johnson on April 22, 1866, who met with him the next day at the White House. On June 20, 1867, Scottish Rite officials conferred upon Johnson the 4th to 32nd Freemasonry degrees, and he later went to Boston to dedicate a Masonic Temple.

Pike was said to be a genius, able to read and write in 16 different languages, although I cannot find a record anywhere of what those languages were. In addition, he is widely accused of plagiarism, so take with a pinch of salt. At various stages of his life we was a poet, philosopher, frontiersman, soldier, humanitarian and philanthropist. A 33rd degree Mason, he was one of the founding fathers, and head of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, being the Grand Commander of North American Freemasonry from 1859 and retained that position until his death in 1891. In 1869, he was a top leader in the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.

Incidentally, Freemasonry itself is a fascinating subject and I could devote an entire website to it. Simon Gray, a Freemason, has compiled a stunning amount of information on Freemasonry that I recommend for anyone who wants to learn more about it.

Pike was said to be a Satanist, who indulged in the occult, and he apparently possessed a bracelet which he used to summon Lucifer, with whom he had constant communication. He was the Grand Master of a Luciferian group known as the Order of the Palladium (or Sovereign Council of Wisdom), which had been founded in Paris in 1737. Palladism had been brought to Greece from Egypt by Pythagoras in the fifth century, and it was this cult of Satan that was introduced to the inner circle of the Masonic lodges. It was aligned with the Palladium of the Templars. In 1801, Issac Long, a Jew, brought a statue of Baphomet (Satan) to Charleston, South Carolina, where he helped to establish the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. Long apparently chose Charleston because it was geographically located on the 33rd parallel of latitude (incidentally, so is Baghdad), and this council is considered to be the Mother Supreme Council of all Masonic Lodges of the World.

Albert Pike(JEW) received a vision, which he described in a letter that he wrote to Mazzini(JEW), dated August 15, 1871. This letter graphically outlined plans for three world wars that were seen as necessary to bring about the One World Order, and we can marvel at how accurately it has predicted events that have already taken place.

Pike's Letter to Mazzini

It is a commonly believed fallacy that for a short time, the Pike letter to Mazzini was on display in the British Museum Library in London, and it was copied by William Guy Carr, former Intelligence Officer in the Royal Canadian Navy. The British Library has confirmed in writing to me that such a document has never been in their possession. Furthermore, in Carr's book, Satan, Prince of this World, Carr includes the following footnote:

"The Keeper of Manuscripts recently informed the author that this letter is NOT catalogued in the British Museum Library. It seems strange that a man of Cardinal Rodriguez's knowledge should have said that it WAS in 1925".

It appears that Carr learned about this letter from Cardinal Caro y Rodriguez of Santiago, Chile, who wrote The Mystery of Freemasonry Unveiled.

To date, no conclusive proof exists to show that this letter was ever written. Nevertheless, the letter is widely quoted and the topic of much discussion.

Following are apparently extracts of the letter, showing how Three World Wars have been planned for many generations.

"The First World War must be brought about in order to permit the Illuminati to overthrow the power of the Czars in Russia and of making that country a fortress of atheistic Communism. The divergences caused by the "agentur" (agents) of the Illuminati between the British and Germanic Empires will be used to foment this war. At the end of the war, Communism will be built and used in order to destroy the other governments and in order to weaken the religions." 2

Students of history will recognize that the political alliances of England on one side and Germany on the other, forged between 1871 and 1898 by Otto von Bismarck, co-conspirator of Albert Pike, were instrumental in bringing about the First World War.

"The Second World War must be fomented by taking advantage of the differences between the Fascists and the political Zionists. This war must be brought about so that Nazism is destroyed and that the political Zionism be strong enough to institute a sovereign state of Israel in Palestine. During the Second World War, International Communism must become strong enough in order to balance Christendom, which would be then restrained and held in check until the time when we would need it for the final social cataclysm." 3

After this Second World War, Communism was made strong enough to begin taking over weaker governments. In 1945, at the Potsdam Conference between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin, a large portion of Europe was simply handed over to Russia, and on the other side of the world, the aftermath of the war with Japan helped to sweep the tide of Communism into China.

(Readers who argue that the terms Nazism and Zionism were not known in 1871 should remember that the Illuminati invented both these movements. In addition, Communism as an ideology, and as a coined phrase, originates in France during the Revolution. In 1785, Restif coined the phrase four years before revolution broke out. Restif and Babeuf, in turn, were influenced by Rousseau - as was the most famous conspirator of them all, Adam Weishaupt.)

"The Third World War must be fomented by taking advantage of the differences caused by the "agentur" of the "Illuminati" between the political Zionists and the leaders of Islamic World. The war must be conducted in such a way that Islam (the Moslem Arabic World) and political Zionism (the State of Israel) mutually destroy each other. Meanwhile the other nations, once more divided on this issue will be constrained to fight to the point of complete physical, moral, spiritual and economical exhaustionWe shall unleash the Nihilists and the atheists, and we shall provoke a formidable social cataclysm which in all its horror will show clearly to the nations the effect of absolute atheism, origin of savagery and of the most bloody turmoil. Then everywhere, the citizens, obliged to defend themselves against the world minority of revolutionaries, will exterminate those destroyers of civilization, and the multitude, disillusioned with Christianity, whose deistic spirits will from that moment be without compass or direction, anxious for an ideal, but without knowing where to render its adoration, will receive the true light through the universal manifestation of the pure doctrine of Lucifer, brought finally out in the public view. This manifestation will result from the general reactionary movement which will follow the destruction of Christianity and atheism, both conquered and exterminated at the same time." 4

Since the terrorist attacks of Sept 11, 2001, world events, and in particular in the Middle East, show a growing unrest and instability between Modern Zionism and the Arabic World. This is completely in line with the call for a Third World War to be fought between the two, and their allies on both sides. This Third World War is still to come, and recent events show us that it is not far off.

Farm to Fridge - The Truth Behind Meat Production (multi subtitles)

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

As soon as you`re born you`ve become a debt slave to the U.S.

Birth Certificate is a Certificate of Slavery

Sodahead

by: Autarchic, posted May 11, 2011

(image left courtesy of sodahead & Autarchic)

When a child is born, the hospital generally sends the original, not a copy, of this record of live birth to the State Bureau of Vital Statistics, sometimes called the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services (HRS). Each STATE is required to supply the corporate UNITED STATES with birth, death, and health statistics. The STATE agency that receives the original record of live birth keeps it and then issues another Birth Certificate in a different form where the name of the baby is spelled in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. This creates a ˜legal person" as opposed to a natural individual.

The Birth Certificate issued by the State is then registered with the U.S. Department of Commerce - - the Executive Office - specifically through their own sub-agency, the U.S. Census Bureau, which is responsible to register vital statistics from all the states. Thus, the birth certificate is registered in international commerce. The word registered, as it is used in commercial law, does not mean that the ALL CAPITAL version of the name was "merely" noted or recorded in a book for future reference purposes. When a birth certificate is registered with the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Treasury will issue a bond on the value of the birth certification. That bond is then made available for purchase on a securities exchange and is bought by the Federal Reserve Bank. This purchase then become the authority or collateral to issue Federal Reserve Notes, which we use as a medium of exchange.

The value of the bond in today's world is $630,000. The bond is then held in trust for the Federal Reserve at the Depository Trust Corporation at 55 Water Street in New York City, about two blocks down the street from the Federal Reserve. It is a high-rise office building and the sign in front reads: The Tower of Power.

This process creates a burden in that the ALL-CAPITAL legal person named on the birth certificate has become a surety, or guarantor, a condition and obligation that is automatically and unwittingly assumed unless you rebut the presumption by effectively noticing government.

Guarantor. Person who becomes secondarily liable for another's debt or performance... One who promises to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another. - Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition

From this it is easy to conclude that the baby is to assume the liability for any burden created or associated with the strawman or trade name listed on the birth certificate.
It is not difficult to see that a state - created birth certificate with an ALL-CAPS name is a document, evidencing debt the moment it is issued. Once a state has registered a birth document with U.S. Department of Commerce, the Department notifies the Treasury Department, which takes out a loan from the Federal Reserve. The Treasury uses the loan to purchase a bond (the Fed holds a "purchase money security interest" in the bond) from the Department of Commerce, which invests the sale proceeds in the stock or bond market.

So the child just became the slave ... can you see how this has happened? Until you take control, in other words "rebut", you will remain the slave. Slaves do not have freedoms.... and that is what we all (or almost all have been since the day we were born, and our innocent parents , and their parents, and their parents.... before us. It's time to wake up to the truth!

Article link: http://www.sodahead.com/united-states/birth-certificate-is-a-certificate-of-slavery/question-1784391/

The Importance of Faith

The Prophet Muhammad (Salla Allahu Allaihi Wasalam) said: "Faith wears out in the heart of any one of you just as clothes wear out, so ask Allah to renew the faith in your hearts” (Mustadrak al-Haakim & Authenticated by Al-Albani)


أسلي النفس بالآمال .. من حين إلى حين
I keep forestalling my soul with thoughts of hope from time to time

وأنسى ما وراء الموت .. ماذا بعد تكفيني
And forgetting what is to come after death, and after I am warped in the sheets of the dead

كاني قد ضمنت العيش .. ليس الموت يأتيني
As if I have guaranteed living forever, and that death will not overcome me

http://youtu.be/cpBMyIvmIGo